Pronomes Relativos do Inglês

(IFBA/2018) 

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

¹ Tourism is one of the world’s fastest ² growing industries and is a major source of ³ income for many countries. Being a people- ⁴ oriented industry, tourism also provides ⁵ many jobs which have helped revitalise local ⁶ economies.

⁷ However, like other forms of development, ⁸ tourism can also cause its share ⁹ of problems, such as social dislocation, ¹⁰ loss of cultural heritage, economic dependence ¹¹ and ecological degradation. Learning ¹² about the impacts of tourism has led ¹³ many people to seek more responsible ¹⁴ holidays. These include various forms of ¹⁵ alternative or sustainable tourism such as: ¹⁶ ‘nature-based tourism’, ‘ecotourism’ and ¹⁷ ‘cultural tourism’. Sustainable tourism is ¹⁸ becoming so popular that some say that ¹⁹ what we presently call ‘alternative’ will be ²⁰ the ‘mainstream’ in a decade.

²¹ All tourism activities of whatever motivation ²² – holidays, business travel, conferences, ²³ adventure travel and ecotourism ²⁴ – need to be sustainable. Sustainable ²⁵ tourism is defined as “tourism that respects ²⁶ both local people and the traveller, cultural ²⁷ heritage and the environment”. It seeks to ²⁸ provide people with an exciting and educational ²⁹ holiday that is also of benefit to the ³⁰ people of the host country.

Adapted from: http://www.unesco.
org/education/tlsf/ mods/theme_c/
mod16.html. Access on Jul 24th, 2017.

Concerning grammar reference, mark the sentences below true (T) or false (F):

I. The relative pronoun which (Ref. 5) refers to economy.

II. The possessive adjective its (Ref. 8) refers to tourism.

III. The demonstrative pronoun these (Ref. 14) refers to people.

IV. The relative pronoun that (Ref. 29) refers to holiday.

Now, check the correct alternative below.

(UEFS BA/2018)    

‘I wish they could be saved’:

The victims of India’s poisonous dust

Silicosis, which kills thousands around the world, is caused by inhaling silica dust found in rock, sand, quartz and many building materials. It can lead to breathing difficulties, regular coughing, chest pains and, sometimes, tuberculosis and other chest infections.

Two years ago, at the age of 17, Urmila Yadav, from the village of Budhpura, located in the north-western state of Rajasthan, became one of the youngest certified cases of silicosis in India. Her case is singular; even in this village where mining and quarry¹ work is the only occupation and silicosis is a commonplace disease that strikes almost every family, it is mostly men who are affected.

Rajasthan has been the epicentre of silicosis in India. The number of silicosis certified patients in the state, according to government data, is 8 441 (the figures are available up to April 2017). Actual numbers are likely to be much higher, claim advocacy groups. It is the only state to have a monetary relief mechanism for certified patients, in place since 2013; however, the onus is on workers to get a diagnosis and prove their occupational history, which is challenging in an unregulated industry like mining in India.

For a young teenage girl like Urmila to have silicosis is “quite an unusual case”, says Dr Vinod Jangid, responsible for diagnosing silicosis at the medical college in the district of Kota. There could be more children with silicosis but the government will hesitate to certify young people. “If children are diagnosed with silicosis, it means they are either living close to the mines, or they are working in the mines, both of which are illegal.”

Urmila began to work in the stone quarries next to her village in her childhood. It is common here for men to work in mines and for women and children to supplement the family earnings by carving cobblestones by hand. Most of them work in quarries and head back there after classes. “There are many girls in Budhpura who do this work. Some are 15 or 16 years, and some even younger. I wish they can be saved from this work,” Urmila says.

(Sunaina Kumar. http://www.bbc.
com, 09.10.2017. Adaptado.)

¹ quarry: an open excavation, usually for obtaining building material.

In the fragment from the last paragraph “There are many girls in Budhpura who do this work”, the word underlined can be correctly replaced by

(UEFS BA/2018)    

How the selfie has helped shape the 20th century

The word ‘selfie’ may bring to mind an adolescent girl making duck faces at an iPhone, apparently unaware of her surroundings, or a daredevil ¹ hanging off a skyscraper moments from death – symptoms of a self-obsessed culture and, some argue, the decline of society – but selfies have much deeper cultural implications that complicate those stereotypes. In her new book, The Selfie Generation, author Alicia Eler breaks with clichés to imagine the selfie as a double-edged sword, at once an empowering and vulnerable phenomenon, characteristic of the digital age.

In opposition to the assumption that selfies are objectifying or narcissistic, selfies have been key for empowering marginalised groups. Mass media at our fingertips created access to all kinds of characters, a new generation of individuals who aren’t as afraid to be different or unique. “Was there ever a time when adolescents weren’t obsessed with their own image?” asks Eler. Young or old, you can’t blame people for wanting validation, and now it’s just a tap away.

Since 2013, when ‘selfie’ was Oxford Dictionaries’ word of the year, these contemporary self-portraits have become omnipresent in an age when visibility can be synonymous with political power. Resistance and protest movements have taken on new forms since then. They’re less about marching with banners or community organising and more about decentralised fluidity or being seen across multiple online platforms. They are aimed at gaining visibility through a different logic – by using common images, tactics, hashtags, identity politics and iconic events.

(Devon V. H. Maldonado. www.
bbc.com, 15.01.2018. Adaptado.)

¹ daredevil: someone who enjoys doing dangerous physical things.

In the fragment from the second paragraph “a new generation of individuals who aren’t as afraid to be different or unique”, the underlined term could be correctly replaced by

(UNESP SP/2017)    

Examine a tira e o texto.

Assinale a alternativa que completa corretamente a lacuna numerada no texto.

(FATEC SP/2017)    

Here’s how long you can work before your brain ¹shuts down

I’m having a hard time starting this article. According to research out of the University of Melbourne, that might be because I’m middle-aged and work too much. Economists determined that burning the midnight oil makes you, well, dumber.” Our study highlights that too much work can have adverse effects on cognitive functioning,” they conclude.

Tell us something we didn’t know. Who hasn’t, at the end of a seemingly endless workweek, found themselves staring blankly at their computer screen or into space unable to remember what they had for lunch, let alone form a coherent thought about the task at hand?

For some employees, of course – the average resident ² physician or, these days, that “³ gig economy” worker who makes ends meet by banging away at multiple projects – long hours are a fact of modern working life. And there’s a cost. Medical researchers have shown that working too much can affect employees’ physical and mental health.

So how much is too much? For people age 40 and older, working up to roughly 25 hours per week boosts memory, the ability to quickly process information and other aspects of cognitive function, according to the study, which drew on a longitudinal survey that tracks the well-being of 6,000 Australians. Beyond 25 hours a week, the middle-aged brain doesn’t work as well, the study indicates, noting that the findings apply to both men and women.

<http://tinyurl.com/j4os8ck&gt;
Acesso em: 24.08.2016. Adaptado.

Glossário

¹ to shut down: parar de operar/funcionar.

² physician: médico.

³gig economy: ambiente de trabalho baseado em empregos temporários e contratos de curta duração.

O pronome relativo that, em “that tracks the well-being of 6,000 Australians”, pode ser corretamente substituído, sem alteração do sentido original, por

(UCS RS/2017)    

The man in the white tunic

By Pico Iyer

¹ When I stepped off the plane in Srinagar two years ago, I was eager to ² celebrate Kashmir’s attempts to revive itself after more than 20 years of brutal ³ civil war. The Japanese, German and British governments had all recently ⁴ lifted their travel advisories against visiting the area, and although half a ⁵ million Indian soldiers remained – and more than 70,000 people had lost their ⁶ lives in Indo-Pakistani violence there since 1989 – all official talk was of the ⁷ future. That summer, 36 flights were touching down in Srinagar each day, ⁸ bringing 1.3 million Indians, often on pilgrimage, to a jewelled valley that has ⁹ long enchanted Moguls, British officers and backpackers.

¹⁰ Everywhere I turned, there were stories of rebirth. Altaf Chapri the owner ¹¹ of the houseboat hotel to which John Bealby, my tour guide, took me, had ¹² had to escape the region overnight when fighting broke out, leaving his ¹³ studies unfinished and arriving in New Delhi with his brother and only a few ¹⁴ wrinkled rupees in his pocket. Yet after going on to open two highly successful ¹⁵ boutique hotels in Kerala, he had returned to Kashmir to try to bring all he ¹⁶ had mastered – gourmet food and rainforest showers, wi-fi connections and ¹⁷ sundeck concerts – to the area in which he’d grown up. Almost everyone I ¹⁸ met spoke of flight from the region – followed by a hopeful return.

¹⁹ But the moment that changed me came one sunny morning, near the ²⁰ centre of Srinagar, when Bealby led me around the colourful and aromatic ²¹ shops along the lake. We stopped to take a look at Suffering Moses, a store ²² that had been dazzling visitors with its papier-mâché boxes since a century ²³ before my parents first visited, in 1941. We stepped into Asia Crafts next ²⁴ door, _________ silver-tongued Kashmiris unrolled carpets that seemed to ²⁵ change colour every time they were turned upside-down. Then, in the same ²⁶ block, we climbed an unlit set of stairs, and found ourselves in a dusty room ²⁷ full of sepia-tinted photos of Kashmir, and decades-old cameras.

²⁸ “I’m so happy someone is interested in these things,” said the elegant ²⁹ proprietor, Jagdish Mehta, his spotless white tunic matching his thatch of ³⁰ white hair, and his language as formally beautiful as a Tennyson poem. ³¹ He whipped a black hood off a stand-up wooden camera, its 1938 receipt ³² from Glasgow neatly tucked into its sides. He pointed out ancient photos of ³³ Kashmiris in formal dress and showed us black-and-white images printed ³⁴ on silver gelatine paper. “We have a picture here of a queue of 40 or 50 ³⁵ Englishmen waiting to come in to have their photographs developed,” he ³⁶ went on. Mahatta Photo Studio had been in the family since his grandfather ³⁷ founded it in 1915.

³⁸ Caught up in the magic of the scene – in the air of revival I was hoping to³⁹ take home with me, the quiet magnetism of the man – I asked him what he ⁴⁰ thought of the prospects of Kashmir. He looked at me and looked at me, then ⁴¹ walked to a far off corner of the near-empty room, standing for many long ⁴² moments with his back to us, completely silent. When he came back, I could ⁴³ see his eyes were red. “I’m sorry,” he said, wiping his face with the heel of his ⁴⁴ palm. “It’s very sad.”

⁴⁵ He recalled the days when he and his friends used to dive into Dal Lake ⁴⁶ and collect the pieces of bread their parents threw into it. Now, he said, the ⁴⁷ water was so polluted, you could not even dip your hand in it.

⁴⁸ “Will your son take over this shop one day?” I asked. He looked at me ⁴⁹ and said nothing, as if unable to say, “No. This is all finished now.”

⁵⁰ I encountered many beautiful things in Kashmir: the wooden mosques at ⁵¹ the centre of Srinagar, pointed out by a South Indian who had lost her heart ⁵² to them; the call to prayer interlace from a thousand mosques every evening ⁵³ at dusk; the celebrated Mughal gardens. Most of all, I found myself lulled into ⁵⁴ the gentle, seductive rhythm of life on the lake, paddling past the birds when ⁵⁵ I wanted to buy snacks from a grocery store on stilts among the lotus ponds.

⁵⁶ But when I returned home it was Jagdish Mehta that I remembered, if ⁵⁷ only because he spoke for so many other souls I’d met in places like Lhasa ⁵⁸ and Havana and Pyongyang. I travel in part to see what can never be caught ⁵⁹ on YouTube or in headlines, and the proprietor’s silence, his turning away, ⁶⁰ reminded me of why it’s so urgent to meet cultures in the flesh.

Disponível em:<http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20150408-the-man-in-the-white-tunic&gt;
Acesso em: 10 jul. 16. (Parcial e adaptado.)

Escolha a alternativa que completa adequadamente a lacuna do texto na referência 24.

(UNIRG TO/2017)    

Read part of Adele’s song “Million years ago”.

I know I’m not the only one

Who regrets the things they’ve done

Sometimes I just feel it’s only me

Who can’t stand the reflection that they see

I wish I could live a little more

Look up to the sky not just the floor

I feel like my life is flashing by

And all I can do is watch and cry

I miss the air, I miss my friends

I miss my mother, I miss it when

Life was a party to be thrown

But that was a million years ago

(Available on: http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/adele/millionyearsago.html
Accessed on: May 5th, 2017.)

Read the sentence taken from the song. Choose the only correct option considering the use of the relative pronouns.

(UNITAU SP/2017)    

Assinale a alternativa que preenche CORRETAMENTE as lacunas.

1. The man________ spoke to you is Brazilian.
2. The book ________ is on the table is very old.

(Centro Universitário de Franca SP/2016)    

Students Cannot Multi-Task with

Mobile Phones and Studying

There is bad news for students who like to use their mobile phones while they study. New research shows that students do not learn very well when they are texting and checking their social media accounts. The study, called “Mobile Phones in the Classroom: Examining the Effects of Texting, Twitter, and Message Content on Student Learning,” looked at 145 American university students in the classroom and tracked the responses and results of students watching a lecture on a video, and then taking notes and answering questions, while facing a series of interruptions on their internet- connected mobile phones.

Some of the students were asked “irrelevant” questions about their social life while others were sent links and questions relevant to the lecture content. Still some other students watched the lecture without interruptions. Afterwards, they were tested via multiple choice questions to see how much information they had retained and, out of that, how the presence of online distractions had affected their ability to retain and process information. Although the study concluded that the use of mobile phones definitely produced lower results, students who were sent relevant material were affected less negatively than those whose messages had a more social focus.

Jeffrey Kuznekoff, the head researcher, said that one of the biggest challenges teachers have in the classroom is the non-stop battle of keeping students working. He said many students felt they needed to be online and checking messages even when they had important work to do in class. The researchers said it is very common for students to be physically present in class, but mentally absent because they are using their mobiles. Kuznekoff said teachers were fighting a “losing battle” because students were more interested in social media than learning.

A study of a similar nature, conducted by the London School of Economics in four English cities, found that banning mobile phones produced a 6% increase in marks in schools. As the debate in the UK continues over the role of mobile devices in class, these results could be influential. “It is a common occurrence to observe students who are physically present, yet mentally preoccupied by non- course- related material on their mobile devices,” said the US researchers, who eventually concluded that it was the lowest- achieving students who were most at risk of succumbing to the distraction of mobile phones.

(www.breakingnewsenglish.com / http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk. Adaptado.)

In the fragment from the last paragraph “it was the lowest-achieving students who were most at risk of succumbing to the distraction of mobile phones.”, the word in bold could be replaced, with no change in the meaning of the sentence, by

(Fac. Direito de Franca SP/2016)    

CIVIL-CRIMINAL LITIGATION

http://www.law.umich.edu/clinical/generalclinic/Pages/
caseexamples.aspx. Acessado em 21/10/2015. Adaptado.

It took nine years and a lot of work going to US Courts of Appeals, for nearly 40 clinic students to stop the deportation of a mentally retarded man who had come to the United States with his family at age 14 and lived here for 33 years. At the final hearing, the immigration judge restored the client’s permanent resident status. Students are now helping the client gain U.S. citizenship.

Na terceira linha do texto, a palavra “who” refere-se