Classes de palavras em inglês: a importância na interpretação

(UEPB/2008)    

Salad Poem

(for Henri Rousseau le Douanier)

The sun is shining outside

Henri Rousseau (Gentil Rousseau)

The sky is blue

like your skies

I want to paint the salad

on the table

bright crisp green red purple

lettuce and radishes, ham and tomatoes

Paint them like your jungles

Gentle Rousseau

I want to paint

All things bright and beautiful

All salads great and small

I want to make

Blue skies bluer

Green grass greener

Pink flowers brighter

Like you

Henri Rousseau

Adrian Henri

Which of the following groups of words from TEXT consists only of nouns:

(UNIOESTE PR/2008)     

TOURISM

 A diversified cultural calendar

Brazil launched its National Plan for Tourism, which, among other activities, plans to attract nine million foreign visitors in the coming years. Today the country is sought after by 3.8 million foreigners, who in their vast majority seek out the beaches of the Northeast or urban areas of the Southeast.

Another angle to be explored in this plan is business and fashion tourism. The beach/surf style exports 50 million articles/year, and the shoe industry exports 550 million pairs of shoes/year, attracting businessmen throughout the world.

In order to focus on this angle, Brazil offers an attractive and diversified calendar of fairs, exhibitions, academic events and lectures, some of which are included on the international circuit. Among other advantages, these meetings provide the possibility for investors to make contact with speakers from various areas, from NGOs to Government Enterprises, with access to up-to-date opportunities and data.

Organizing the flow

With the Caravana Brasil programme, the Brazilian Tourism Agency (Embratur) provides businessmen in the field of tourism with the possibility of getting to know about new itineraries and opportunities, in order to better present their products. Due to the migration and immigration programs which have taken place throughout  istory, there is an itinerary of typical festivities in all regions, bringing together thousands of people in outdoor celebrations, from Carnival in Rio de Janeiro and Salvador to the “Boi-Bumbá” Celebrations in the North and the São João Festivities in the northest.

Making the most of these itineraries, the Federal Government supports the States by offering them publicity, promoting the tourist flow towards the respective regions while at the same time investing in the improvement of access infrastructure and financing the expansion of hotels, airports and municipal sanitation networks. In all areas of all regions, initiatives for the promotion of tourism generate jobs and income as well as providing cultural exchange between the views from inside out and from outside in.

(from: www. brasil.gov.br/inglês/about_brazil/brasil_topics/turism)

As palavras Northest, meetings e businessmen retiradas, respectivamente, do 1º, 2º e 3º parágrafos, são exemplos de:

(Mackenzie SP/2004)   

Mavis Hetherington 

and John Kelly 

For Better or For Worse

Divorce Reconsidered

Surprising results from the most comprehensive study of divorce in America.

For Better or For Worse presents a radically new story about the nature and consequences of divorce in America today. Debunking popular wisdom on the devastating psychological and social effects of divorce, this new story will replace the fiction with the facts derived from eminent psychologist Mavis Hetherington’s landmark study. After nearly three decades of research involving 1400 families of divorce, Hetherington puts forth a much more nuanced picture of marital breakup.

From her long-term perspective, Hetherington identifies distinct pathways into and out of divorce. She highlights three different kinds of marriages that predispose a couple to divorce and two that do not. She also pinpoints “windows of change” that allow some people to fashion the challenges of divorce into an opportunity. As the book follows families through the life process of divorce, Hetherington shows how women and girls experience divorce differently from men and boys; why single-mother/son relationships and stepfather/daughter relationships are the most difficult; why divorce presents a greater risk to adolescent children; and how mentoring and authoritative parenting can provide the needed buffering against the negative effects of divorce.

“With compelling evidence and clear ‘points to remember,’ Hetherington identifies pathways that show how parents and children lead healthy and fulfilling lives after divorce. Sure to become a classic in the field!” —Constance R. Ahrons, author of The Good Divorce; senior scholar, Council on Contemporary Families; professor emerita at the University of Southern California.

Mavis Hetherington is professor emeritus, Department of Psychology, University of Virginia. John Kelly is a writer in New York.

January 2002 / hardcover / ISBN 0-393-04862-4 / 6″ x 9″ / 320 pages / Psychology

 http://www.wwnorton.com/catalog/fall01/004862.htm

A alternativa que contém apenas palavras usadas como verbos no texto é:

(UNIR RO/2009)    

Strategic Spending on Organic Foods

¹I was reading today in The Times that organic food prices are rising. It reminded me of a really helpful list from the ²Environmental Working Group, a nonprofit research and advocacy organization, about how to be a strategic ³shopper when buying organic fruits and vegetables.

⁴While there is an ongoing debate about whether buying organic food really makes a difference in terms of health, ⁵the reality is that some consumers choose organic foods because they want to lower their exposure to pesticides. ⁶For those shoppers, it makes sense to know when to buy organic and which conventionally-grown foods are good ⁷enough because they already are low in pesticide residue.

⁸The Environmental Working Group tested dozens of fruits and vegetables to determine which foods are the worst ⁹offenders in terms of pesticide exposure. Some fruits and vegetables grown with conventional farming methods ¹⁰simply don’t absorb the pesticides. Some examples of vegetables and fruits with very low pesticide residues are ¹¹onions, mangoes, asparagus, broccoli and eggplant. So whether you pick them up from the regular produce section ¹²or the organic aisle, your pesticide exposure is going to be low.

(Extraído de http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/18/

strategic-spending-on-organic-foods.

Acesso em 14/09/2008.)

Sobre a função morfológica dos vocábulos no texto, assinale a afirmativa correta.

(UDESC SC/2012)    

⁰¹ How do I get paid?

All money generated by click throughs or customers signing on with a program are fed into a database on the affiliated advertisers site and tallied automatically (1). The affiliated advertiser transfers, wires, mails the any money earned once an amount of ⁰⁵ $50 or more has been collected.

I only want certain types of ads on my site

With most affiliate advertisers you can determine exactly what kinds of ads appear on your site. The upside is you have more control, the down side is it is more labor intensive managing the ads. When an ad is automatically generated, as is the case with ¹⁰ Google AdSence, the nature of the ad depends on the content of your page where (2) the ad is located. This means you have little or no control over the contents of the ads other than the content of your web page.

It must (3) be hard to put the ads or banners up on the site

In most cases it is a matter of cutting (4) the advertising code from the affiliated ¹⁵ advertisers site and paste into (5) your web page. No messing with images or writing copy for the advertisments.

Adapted from: http://www.bannermadness.com/articles.php Accessed on: March 25th, 2012.

Mark the correct sequence of grammar definitions from the underlined words, following the sequence of numbers (1), (2), (3), (4) e (5).

(EFOA MG/2006)      

Cognitive Development

¹The great Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget affirmed that children are not born with cognitive structure. He ²argued that children’s cognitive understanding of the world emerges with experience; in other words, it ³develops. Knowledge, then, is a process rather than a “a state”. A child knows or understands an object by ⁴interacting with it, and from this interaction she expands her ability to comprehend. According to Piaget, just ⁵as well as children grow and mature physically in the same basic sequence, they also develop cognitively in ⁶a process that is the same for all children, regardless of cultural upbringing.

⁷Piaget called the first stage that children go through the sensorimotor period, which extends from birth to ⁸around age two. The child develops a “sense” of the objects around her by her “motor”, or physical action on ⁹the objects. Her understanding of the world is limited to her physical actions on the objects in the world. An ¹⁰important developmental milestone during this stage is what Piaget terms object permanence. By the end of ¹¹this stage, the infant recognizes that an object continues to exist even when she cannot see it or touch it. ¹²Object permanence is the beginning of the child’s awareness that people and objects exist independent from ¹³her, but this is only the beginning.

¹⁴The achievements of the sensorimotor stage just prepare her for the next stage, called the preoperational ¹⁵period, lasting from about age two to seven. During this stage, a child perceives and interprets the world in ¹⁶terms of self. She cannot comprehend that another person sees objects differently. She thinks other people ¹⁷see and hear what she does. Piaget describes children as being rigid in thought. They base their ¹⁸conclusions on one obvious factor or feature of an object. For instance, if a bowl of water is poured into a tall ¹⁹jar, the child will conclude that the tall jar has more water because its level is higher. But toward the end of ²⁰this period, the child is beginning to learn about objects in a new way. For instance, she begins to ²¹understand that water poured from the bowl into the tall jar is still the same water; that is, an object can ²²change its shape but still be the same basic object. The child is developing representational thought.

²³This increasing flexibility prepares the child for what Piaget called the concrete operational period. From ²⁴about seven to 11 years old, a child makes great strides in her cognitive development. She develops the ²⁵ability to make mental transformations with regard to concrete objects. A child begins to comprehend the ²⁶concepts of reversibility, compensation, addition and subtraction. Piaget uses the concept of conservation to ²⁷illustrate this development. If you pour the water back from the tall jar to the bowl, during this stage the child ²⁸can understand that the amount of water that was in the jar is the same as what’s in the bowl, even though ²⁹the water levels are different. She can understand that the width of the bowl makes up – or compensates for ³⁰– its lack of height. The child also understands that no water has been removed or added.

³¹In the next stage, called the formal operational period, from about 11-15 years old, the child develops ³²more sophisticated reasoning abilities. She can reason now; she can see more logical relationships between ³³objects and can think more systematically before acting. In other words, she can think in more abstract ³⁴terms; she can use information from the past to predict consequences.

³⁵Refinement of cognitive skills continues on into adulthood, but Piaget felt that the development of ³⁶structure of thought is achieved by about age 15. After that, the content and quality of thought may develop. ³⁷Although not all researchers in cognitive development agree with Piaget’s scheme and all of his conclusions, ³⁸he can be credited for having a tremendous impact on our understanding of how children develop their ³⁹understanding of the world around them. Children are not miniature adults who reason as adults do; they ⁴⁰understand and interpret their environment in terms of their cognitive development. This is important to ⁴¹realize if we want to understand our children and ourselves better.

(Adapted from: MILLER, P. H. Theories of Developmental Psychology. In: SMALLEY, R. L.; RUETTEN, M. K.; KOZYREV, J. R. Refining composition skills: rhetoric and grammar. Boston: Thomson/Heinle & Heinle, 2001, p. 230-233.)

The word that functions as adjective in the text is:

(UEPB/2006)

Read the following poem and answer the questions:

“STOPPING BY WOODS* ON A SNOWY EVENING”

Whose woods these are I think I know.

His house is in the village though;

He will not see me stopping here

To watch his woods fill up with snow.

[…]

The woods are lovely, dark and deep.

But I have promises to keep,

And miles to go before I sleep,

And miles to go before I sleep.

ROBERT FROST

woods = bosque

Which of the following groups of words consists only of adjectives:

(FURG RS/2007)    

Dance: A Constantly Evolving Tradition

By Octavio Roca

¹There is no time like the present to look at the future of American ²dance. So much keeps coming, so much is left behind, and the uncertainty ³and immense promise of all that lies ahead tell us that the young century is ⁴witnessing a watershed in American dance history. Candid shots of American ⁵artists on the move reveal a wide-open landscape of dance, from classical to ⁶modern to postmodern and beyond.

⁷Each of our dance traditions carries a distinctive flavor, and each ⁸demands attention: the living legacies of George Balanchine and Antony ⁹Tudor, the ever-surprising genius of Merce Cunningham, the all-American ¹⁰exuberance of Paul Taylor, the social commitment of Bill T. Jones and Joe ¹¹Goode, together with a vibrant new generation of American dance-makers ¹²who are responding to the amazing growth of dance companies and their ¹³audiences from coast to coast.

¹⁴Most of all, the optimism and sheer daring that have long marked ¹⁵American dance are alive and well from New York to San Francisco, from ¹⁶Miami to Seattle, and from Houston to our capital in Washington, D.C. They ¹⁷are alive in Mark Morris’s cheery iconoclasm, in Lar Lubovitch’s invention, in ¹⁸Michael Smuin’s jazzy abandon, in Broadway’s newfound love of dance, in ¹⁹every daring bit of performance art that tries to redefine what dance is and what it is not. American ²⁰dancers today represent the finest, most exciting, and most diverse aspects of our country’s cultural ²¹riches.

²²The phenomenal aspect of dance is that it takes two to give meaning to the phenomenon.

²³The meaning of a dance arises not in a vacuum but in public, in real life, in the magical moment ²⁴when an audience witnesses a performance. What makes American dance unique is not just its ²⁵distinctive, multicultural mix of influences, but also the distinctively American mix of its audiences.

²⁶That mix is even more of a melting pot as the new millennium unfolds. And it makes for a uniquely ²⁷varied, gripping tale of dance and dancers facing a new era.

²⁸Ours is a constantly changing tradition whose very vitality is what we will bequeath future ²⁹generations: the cowboys and sailors alongside the magical swans and sugar plums, the dances of ³⁰political questioning and the dances of pure joy of movement, the selflessness and optimism, the ³¹generosity of spirit, the elemental theatrical excitement that is the promise of each rising curtain.

³²American dance stays alive by ensuring that it never remains the same, that it is a living tradition, ³³the American tradition. Enriching that tradition involves not just looking ahead to the next surprise ³⁴but also looking back with both pride and affection at the giants of American dance who have made ³⁵the future possible. (…)

(http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itsv/0403/ijse/roca.htm)

Glossary:

– lies ahead (line 3) – está por vir.

– century (line 3) – século.

– alive (line 15, 17 and 32) – viva(os), presente(s).

– newfound (line 18) – recém-descoberto.

– arises (line 23) – surge, nasce.

– giants (line 34) – gigantes, “nomes de peso”.

Which of the following words is an adjective?

(UFAC/2007)      

Tropical Diseases

        With the global warming, mosquitoes are everywhere. And this means that microorganisms will be spread to new habitats, bringing diseases to new population.

Mosquito-born-malaria, for example, generally appears in humid regions with average temperatures above 61 degrees Fahrenheit. Global warming and the range of 6 to 10 degrees will increase malaria-carrying mosquitoes on 60 percent of the globe. Climate change is also increasing the range of Aedis aegypti, the species of mosquito that carries both dengue and yellow fever. Another deadly threat is the resurgence of cholera. (There were 5,000 deaths in the 1991 cholera epidemic in South America.) How many will die next time?

“If tropical weather is expanding, tropical diseases will expand.”

(by Dr. Paul Epstein, Harvard School of Public Health – New English Point I, 1999)

Find in the text:

The noun and the verb for the adjective deadly

The verb for the adjective carrying

The noun for the adjective warm

A synonym for the verb expand

(UEPB/2008)    

Sealed with a Kiss

A long-lost early Christian text says Jesus asked Judas to betray him.

Even Jesus recognized that there was s o m e t h i n g paradoxical about his betrayal by Judas Iscariot – in three of the four canonical Gospels, with a kiss. Judas is damned for helping bring about the salvation of mankind. And Jesus knows all along that he will sell him out. We’ve always known that there was a Gospel of Judas. The Gospel was in vogue for a few hundred years, then disappeared from history – until last week. This Gospel tells us that Judas was Jesus’ only true disciple, to whom he imparted secret mystic knowledge, and whom he asked to turn him in to the Romans, in order to free his spirit from its fleshly prison.

Judas’ betrayal of Jesus has sparked considerable anti-Semitism over the centuries, and the new Gospel may help Christians see beyond ancient – and historically unfounded – stereotypes .Or it may simply add to our sense of how inchoate and multifarious early Christianity was. But right now, people are loving the idea that Jesus and Judas were dear friends who were in it together.

Newsweek, April 17th, 2006

Which group of words below, from TEXT , is made up of ADJECTIVES formed by adding suffixes: